Impression Management - 607 Words

Self-efficacy– One’s belief in the likelihood of goal completion can be motivating in itself (Van der Bijl amp; Shortridge-Baggett, 2002). Self-efficacy refers to peoples judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks. Task-related self-efficacy increases the effort and persistence towards challenging tasks; therefore, increasing the likelihood that they will be completed (Barling amp; Beattie, 1983, as cited in Axtell amp; Parker, 2003, p. 114). A person Self-efficacy beliefs are an important aspect of human motivation and behavior as well as influence the actions that can affect ones life. Regarding self-efficacy, Bandura (1995) explains that it refers to beliefs in ones capabilities to organize and execute†¦show more content†¦o it even if I may not have it at the beginning - Mahatma GandhiShow MoreRelatedImpression Management2486 Words   |  10 PagesIMPRESSION MANAGEMENT P.K. MATHAN RAJ* JAISON SAMUEL* Abstract: The desire to make favorable impression on others is a strong one, so most of us do our best to look good to others. These efforts are worth the trouble. Persons who can perform impression management successfully do often gain important advantages in many situations. Impression Management (IM) is the goal-directed activity of controlling or regulating information in order to influence the impressions formed by an audience.  Through impressionRead MoreReflection On Impression Management1108 Words   |  5 PagesPART ONE: INSIGHT From the leadership block, I gained valuable insight from the two lessons on impression management in organizations and presentation of self in organizations. I had heard of both of the terms before each lesson, but I did not truly understand how impressions impact power/influence, and all the implications of presentation as a leader. These lessons made me think that upper leadership at USAFA, including upper cadet leadership does not understand these concepts. While each ofRead MoreIdentity Management, Self Presentation And Impression Management944 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst concept I will be defining and analyzing goes by multiple names including, identity management, self-presentation and impression management, but I will be using the term the book calls it which is image management. Image management is the behavior of attempting to manage the way we want to present our image and the way we want to be seen by others (Mullen Goethals, 71). We manage a multitude of impressions and identities to the public by how we act, dress, associate with, what we say and moreRead MoreEssay on Self-esteem and Impression Management1314 Words   |  6 Pages– Self Esteem and Impression Management Consideration of a person’s perspective â€Å"self† and the processes used to determine behaviors is one element of social psychology. Some of the processes and theories are: impression management, social tuning, social comparisons, mindsets, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This work will examine the basic premises of each of these along with personal examples provided by the author. Impression Management Impression management is the use of consciousRead MoreThe Impact of Impression Management on Performance Rating Essay3664 Words   |  15 Pagesone’s competence and character†. This definition refers to an externally tilted, public guise based upon reflected appraisals rather than one’s self-image or others’ â€Å"actual† perceptions (Ibarra, 1999; Mead, 1934; Tice Wallace, 2003). Impression management is a common phenomenon in the organizations (Wayne Liden, 1995), and employees may engage in such behaviors to develop a favourable self-image (Bolino Turnley, 1999). Individuals distinguish that by improving their performance; theyRead MoreImpression Management Essay1819 Words   |  8 PagesImpression Management Impression management is a social phenomenon that occurs in our daily life both consciously and unconsciously. â€Å"It is the act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgments.† (Newman 184) Our first impressions of a person are always based on physical appearance and we compare them to the norms of our society. We can all admit to the initial meeting of a person and first noticing their age, gender, race, or other ascribed characteristicsRead MoreLiterature Review On Impression Management1319 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the origins of impression management? 1.2 How is impression management applied in corporate reporting? 1.3 Why is impression management used as a means of corporate communication? Each area will look to assimilate the key items of literature from relevant and appropriate sources surrounding the fundamental theories and practices of impression management. In doing so, this review will form the required basis to critically evaluate both the use of impression management in the context of theRead MoreSelf Presentation Theory - Consumer Behaviour1622 Words   |  7 PagesFrancis Bacon WHAT IS SELF-PRESENTATION? Self Presentation is part of the Self Concept and Impression Management theory. Impression management (IM) theory suggests that any individual or organization must establish and maintain impressions that are compatible with the perceptions one wants to give to the public. From both a communications and public relations viewpoint, the theory of impression management suggests the vital ways in which one establishes relationship between personal or organizationalRead MoreThe Presentation Of Self As A Work Developed By Sociologist Erving Goffman1740 Words   |  7 Pagesa role as well. As with a theatrical production, the front stage and the back stage are critical in understanding how the interaction between individual and audience is carried out. The front stage or region is where the superior more desirable impressions of the self are brought forth; in the background, actors display a private and more nuanced version of the self as they consider this place separate from the role th ey play in society. There is also the idea of offstage, which Goffman argues isRead MoreRepresentation of the Self in Social Media1862 Words   |  7 PagesVirtually everywhere in today’s world they is an active development of information technology which leads to the formation of the new technical phenomena that appeals to both youth and adults. It involves self-generated process aimed at creating a set impression about self and appearance in the audience, as it can act as a group and individual contributing to its success. Even David Cameron, Pope Francis and David Beckham have been known to put selfie – a photograph that one has to take him of oneself,

The Realist and Liberalist Perspectives on International...

The Realist and Liberalist Perspectives on International Relations and US Policy Stance Toward Iraq There are two prominent stances in International Relations. The schools of thought are commonly referred to as realist and liberalist. There are various names that they are called, and they can also be split further into subdivisions. However, for the purposes of this question I will just refer to the main schools of thought, and the main aims of both the paradigms. At a first glance at this question, my gut feeling is that the United States aims to achieve the same as the liberalists, that of world peace. But the current stance of the US policy is to achieve this utopia by realist methods, pre-emptive†¦show more content†¦The Iraq question has proven that with the emphasis on security, living in fear of attack, the realist stance brings us closer to war. States wishing to arm themselves against attack may be seen as mobilising for war. This happens because there is no distinction between offensive and defensive weapons. In such a case a security dilemma is raised.[2] Such a question has been raised over Iraq; is Saddam Hussein arming for war against the West or for defence against the West? This is difficult to show because of the lack of distinction between offensive and defensive weapons. The mutual distrust of Iraq and the United States of America can be explained by the fact that under the realist paradigm power is a chief aim. This power is achieved by defending themselves against possible aggressors and also at the expense of their rivals. In the current climate, the United States is defensive and aggressive towards Iraq and vice versa. With the struggle for power, or at least a balance of power, it is inevitable that there will be a number of small wars that ensue. The realist viewpoint proved this pre-1914 when the intricate alliance systems of the Ententes of France and Britain, the Dreikaiserbund of Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungry. These two alliances produced several minor wars that helped maintainShow MoreRelatedPeace Negotiations in International Security1477 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Cold War era is marked by the dominance of peace negotiations in international security, and Middle-east (ME) being a conflict area for a long time, got adequate focus. Tale of oil rich ME is a story of conflicts having Israel-Palestine issue at the core, and the stability and peace of this region largely hinged on to the solution of this issue. So far, a number of unsuccessful initiatives have been taken by world community for the solution of the issue. ‘Roadmap for peace’ was one of such

Apple Ipod Advertisement Evaluation Free Essays

How many people worldwide love to listen to their own elegant style of music? Well with the new Apple Ipod you have the power to listen to your flavour of tunes that gets your blood flowing or just brings back your fondest memories. Absolutely no one could turn down an opportunity to liven up a bad day with a fantastic song. The Apple Ipod is â€Å"probably the best† technology the music industry could grant you. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Ipod Advertisement Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the best ways to show people how the product will help you is by advertising on the television because it shows people exactly what the product will do for you and how it will make you a better person. As I found the commercial on the Internet I do not know when the commercial was first aired. But as the target audiences is mainly twelve year olds and all those above (12+) this keeps is short, the duration of the advert is thirty seconds with twenty clips. With a slide only being a couple of seconds long there is a large quantity to take in on the visual imagery of this advertisement. Basically the main sequences are Silhouettes dancing along to the song Flathead by Fratellis. Apple has picked the song Flathead because it makes you click your fingers, so it is powerful and makes you attracted to the screen because of the catchy song. The Song plays throughout the whole commercial without any voice-overs. The song produces energy a qualities important to the sequence through their teenaged years. When the commercial starts the image is a pink male Silhouetted body holding an Ipod stood in the centre of the screen; behind him is a blue background with thin pink and green lines passing behind his body, he is shaking his body to the beat of the music and clapping, his Ipod against his waist. You can distinguish the Ipod because it is the only white object on the screen; the bright colours make the audiences automatically drawn to the television screen. It would appeal to both genders because it shows the male is not troubled of any feminine signals he may be receiving by the audience due to the colours; he is obviously comfortable to express his sexuality with the way the colours are expressed. Then for a split second the screen changes to pink and purple with a full body shot of a silhouetted man waving his left arm in the air; again to the beat at the end of the clip a creamer pink lightning bolt strikes across the man’s body, This is powerful because the jolt of lightning gives the viewers a slight flinch, and keeps the attention fixed to the screen. Even though you don’t know what the people look like you would still communicate with people in the advert because the viewer is made to feel like they should the like the silhouette. The fact you don’t know exactly what they look like is powerful because it could indicate that it could be any one, even the customers; the outline of the character is also powerful because it is surreal and not fixed to one human image. The next clip is of a man wearing a trilby style of hat he is a blue and pink background colour, again the Ipod is in his hand whilst he dances. He shows you the Ipod on this angle because he is showing you how thin it is, he is showing the audience this because this will make the product more appealing because the customers do not want to carry a â€Å"brick† in their pocket all the time and makes the other music player products unpopular. The contrast in colours between the background and the silhouette is also very important because then the audience can easily distinguish between the foreground activity and contrasting background. This is can influential towards the viewers because it makes them what to buy the product due to the fashion that the viewer has seen on the silhouette on the commercial. Another pink silhouette of a man, but the background is blue it still shows the contrast of colour and also shows a mixed personality at the same time. He is kicking his smart and snazzy shoes towards the camera; it makes male viewers feel like they need shoes like the silhouette so the has to go out and get some like the silhouette for the reason that it looks fashionable but at the same time also influences male to also get an Ipod. The next clip is of the first person in the commercial, you can tell since the Silhouette shape and background go back to the same colours as the first clip; so the some of the silhouettes have a individual colour. The way he is jumping in the air waving his arms round like a lunatic suggests that he is have a really good time and he is basically â€Å"freaking out†, another reason that the viewer should buy it because commercial is sending the message the viewer that the silhouettes are having a good time so why shouldn’t the customers. An orange silhouette woman is in the next set of slides; it is a headshot specifically so that you can only see her earphones; they stand out specifically because it shows how perfectly slot in the silhouette’s ears even when she is dancing. She has long hair and it waves when she jumps and moves to the sound of the music. The silhouette Dances is like so is non-conformity; so the message is sent to the viewers is that Ipods will set you free from all rules. In the next clip their stands a turquoise woman that shows the Ipod in the front of the shot; it is the main focus on the screen so that the viewers eyes cannot be averted from it, it also shows you the Ipod like this because it shows exactly what the Ipod looks like. Going from person to person suggesting that a lot of people like dancing to this song because it is popular or even any song on an Ipod because it is also easily carried and has a large memory so you can listen to a wide variety of the viewers idolised songs. A few clips ahead there is a clip of a man’s feet that is one of the first of the clips where you don’t see the Ipod at all. It shows how feet are moving to the rhythm of the music. The next clip the are two pink figures on a aqua back ground standing one on the left the other on the right; they jump in the air and a purple figure drops down from the top right to the centre of the screen. They all land at the same time and dance individually, this is a moment of intense movement as the viewer looks at the screen and it fills their body with energy; some of the cloths that they wear are quite smart so it makes you want to associate more with them. Following six more clips there are two pink Silhouettes of a man and a woman; they both dance together so it suggesting that buying an Ipod makes couples might want to dance together; it makes the audience feel as if they could get closer to their partners by buying two Ipods and suggests relationships will be better. When the text says â€Å"iPod + Itunes† it is basically saying if a person gets this Apple Ipod and any of the Itunes available you could possibly be like any the people you have seen in the advertisement. The penultimate clip is again of the couple that where dancing together; you can tell because they are the same shape, the woman walks pushing her male partner off the set so you know the advertisement is going to be over, it suggests who wears the trousers of the relationship which appears to be most female viewers around the world. Conclusively finished with a picture of the Apple logo then it no longer needs any text because it is then obvious to the viewers that this is an Apple product. The analysis of the commercial should have been undertaken to make shore that the colourful stroking images would not be dangerous towards to anybody suffering from epilepsy. A mistake that was also recently make by the advertising agency promoting the soon coming 2012Olympics. Music devices are very common, but what makes this Ipod special is they look good and they are fashionable. I would rate the advertisements effectiveness 8/10 because you could make all the clips more memorable rather than short ones, but it has a very catchy song. So it will stick in your mind along with the Apple brands, mainly the Ipod. How to cite Apple Ipod Advertisement Evaluation, Papers

Tourism Planning Environment and Issue †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Tourism Planning Environment and Issue. Answer: Critically evaluating the tourism related issue Around 5% of the global economy is contributed by the tourism industry with an estimated annual growth of 6.2%. As mentioned by Gladstone, Curley and Shokri (2012), analyzing the impact of tourism on the environment is hardly studied despite the adverse consequences. According to this journal, it can be seen that the coastal regions attract the high number of tourists, as this allows the tourists to enjoy both the scenic beauty of sea and land. The tourism related issue discussed in this journal is to evaluate the impact of tourism on the environment. According to the journals, it can be said that tourism imposes a severe threat to the environment. Moreover, this journal specifically highlights the environmental impacts on the gulf coastal region. Increase in the number of tourists in the gulf coastal area has increased to 22.9 million. Due to the increase in the number of tourists, gulf countries had build suitable, comfortable and adequate number of infrastructures. An excessive nu mber of infrastructure within a limited time in the gulf region has resulted in the loss of coral reefs, wetlands, sandy embayment and mangrove forests. As a result, the loss of habitat in the coastal region is prevalent. The activity undertaken and performed by the tourists such as SCUBA diving poses potential threats to the marine species due to the boats. Environmental damage also includes coral breakage and damage along with littering the marine and the coastal environment. However, as argued by Lee and Brahmasrene (2013), tourism poses an adverse environmental hazard by facilitating a higher rate of carbon dioxide emission. The journal demonstrates a close relationship between economic growth and emission of carbon dioxide. As tourism contributes largely to the overall economic growth of a country, the environmental impact also increases. Due to the economic growth of the country, the rate of development within the country reaches its peak. The government emphasizes on using the money gathered from tourism for developing their nations without considering the environmental impact. Moreover, the tourists also impose a subsequent threat to the environment of the host country. For example, excess use of transport facilities by the tourists for exploring the cultures and heritage of the host country contributes to the carbon emission. This one aspect is difficult if control, as the tourists visit host countries for relaxing and fun and avails comfortable, r elaxing and luxuries measures for exploring the host country. Therefore, use of more transport facilities results in increased carbon emission for the host country. On the other hand, new business establishments such as factories and industries are facilitated due to increased GDP of the host country due to tourism. Though the new business ventures contribute to the economy and employment of the country, the environmental aspect lacks sufficient consideration. The gases released by the industries and factories are highly toxic and consists of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that is extremely harmful to the environment. Therefore, it can be said tourism contributes largely to the carbon dioxide emission thereby, posing a severe threat to the environment. Comparing and contrasting the two research papers As mentioned by Gladstone, Curley and Shokri (2012), tourism poses a severe threat to the coastal and marine environment of the host country. However, as argued by Lee and Brahmasrene (2013), tourism results in the economic growth of the country that has a detrimental effect on the environment. Tourism contributes greatly towards increasing the GDP of the country. The government of the countries uses various promotional strategies to attract people from around the world. This is a business strategy undertaken by the countries and their government to increase the economy. More the number of tourists more will the economy of the countries. Therefore, the economy collected by the government from the tourism sector is used by the government for developing and shaping their own country by developing employment, providing educational needs and building business for the country. The GDP gathered from the tourism industry is used by the country to facilitate the growth of buildings, factorie s, and industries. The growth of industries and factories contributes largely to the carbon emission of the country. The researcher to accumulate data from 22 countries used secondary data from 1988 to 2009. Use of secondary data collection technique allowed the researcher to compare and contrast of the rate of carbon dioxide emission over the years. As a result of the comparison, the researcher was able to conclude that the rate of carbon dioxide emission has increased due to the economic growth of the country due to the tourism sector. However, the researcher could have also used primary data collection technique to understand the present view of the tourists and the governmental officials on the impact of tourism sector on increased carbon emission. On the other hand, Gladstone, Curley and Shokri (2012), discusses that tourism adversely affects the marine and coastal environment more compared to any other environmental aspect. The tourists perform a variety of fun loving and relaxing activities in the water without considering the marine ecosystem. Additionally, even the host country does not consider the potential threats that the marine ecosystem encounters due to the leisure activities offered by them to the tourists. The leisure tourist activities pose severe threats for on the marine life that includes both marine flora and fauna. Due to activities such as scuba diving, boating, and river rafting, the bottom of the water bodies is hampered and damaged. The increased amount of excitement and surface tension due to the water activities also disturbs the life of the marine fauna. For example, breakage and damage of the coral reefs are highly noticed. In order to accommodate and provide comfortable facilities for the increased number of tourists, the government permits the organizations for construction in the areas thereby, hampering the coastal environment. The researcher compared the records of the total number of tourists that visit the Gulf or coastal areas with the water activities preferred by the tourists. The comparison thereby, helped the researcher to determine the water sport that causes the major hazards in the coastal regions. Reflection on learning After critically evaluating both the journals, I have learned that tourism has potential threats on the environment. According to me, the government and the organizations of the countries emphasize more on increasing their tourism, as tourism increment will eventually result in economic growth. Moreover, the organizations and government of the country also emphasizes on providing luxurious facilities and comforts to the tourists. This is because the country wants to create an overwhelming image of their tourism thereby, attracting more visitors. As a result, the tourists spots have seen an increased number of hotels and restaurants with time. However, the government and the organizations fail to consider the impact of tourism activities and development on the environment. According to me, the government of the country needs to promote sustainable tourism for the visitors. Sustainability will help in maintaining tourism by facilitating economic growth but avoiding adverse environmenta l impact. Both the journals emphasize on the adverse impact of tourism on the environment both in terms of marine and air. The journals also compare and contrast the previous and recent data in order to evaluate whether adverse impact of tourism on the environment has increased or decreased. Furthermore, the journals also discuss the major cause and effect of environmental hazard due to tourism. However, on the contrary, the journals fail to shed light on the possible recommendations that can be used by the organizations to conduct tourism without hampering the environment. The journals fail to mention the sustainable strategies that could be possibly used by the government and the organizations for conducting tourism. Both the journals helped me in gaining knowledge about the present scenario of the impact of tourism on the environment. According to me, sustainable strategies need to be developed and implemented by the government and the country for conducting the tourism. As discussed in one of the journals tourism transport leads to excessive amount carbon dioxide emission. Therefore, as a sustainable strategy, the country can allow the tourists the use of battery cars or bicycles for exploring the country. This will provide an opportunity for the country to provide healthy and environmentally friendly tourism experience. From the journals, I have learned that tourism is an important aspect of the economy of the country, as it helps in increasing the overall GDP. Therefore, more tourism states more economic growth for the countries. The journals have helped in providing me with adequate knowledge about the adverse impact of tourism on the environment. From the journals, I have also learned that the adverse impact of tourism on the environment has increased from the past years. This is because of the ignorance among the tourists about the impact of tourism on the environment. Therefore, according to me, the government of the host and the home country need to emphasize of spreading awareness about the adverse impact of tourism of the environment along with promoting tourism of the country. Spreading awareness among the tourists will help in prohibiting and mitigating the major activities related to tourism thereby, reducing the adverse environmental impact. References Gladstone, W., Curley, B. and Shokri, M.R., 2012. Environmental impacts of tourism in the Gulf and the Red Sea. Lee, J.W. and Brahmasrene, T., 2013. Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union.Tourism Management,38, pp.69-76.

Marketing and Advertisement free essay sample

The concerns Introduction-What Is Advertisement, A Marketing Tool? Advertisement is a communication tool, used in marketing to promote the product in public. The main aim is to increase the sales, through perfect promotion (Percy and Elliot,2012). Advertisement is one of the key factors in brand building and sustaining the same. The main aim of advertisement is to remind and persuade the existing and potential customer to make a purchase decision. Advertisement should be deep and fresh in consumers mind for them to easily remember the product and brand. Thus advertisement is an essential tool to marketers to measure the consumer reference. lf advertisement fails, then the money and effort put into it is for waste. The means of advertising is basically Medias like television and internet now a day, with less importance to press and posters. To be precise, advertisement techniques are imaginative and is not a fool proof technique (White,2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Advertisement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the above statement it can be clearly understood that there are drawbacks to advertisement. Which can indeed turn out to be the critics as well as concerns which can curtail the impact of advertisement to both advertiser and the targeted consumers? Whether his can be right or can be nullified is the biggest challenge in front of a marketer (Percy and Elliot,2012). So the future lies in the hand of studies which can come up with valued elements and truths to overcome the concerns. Below, are some of the concerns of advertisements and an inside look. The Future of Advertisement with an In-depth Analysis on Concerns Advertisement is everywhere, every day we tent to see a lot of different form and type of advertisement. Due to this many concerns have come up. Lets discuss a few below. ) Advertisement creates irrelevant desires: To begin with, advertisement at times end to create a look out for unattainable goals. The perspective of a common man are challenged. At certain point it creates pointless wants and exaggerates the need for a perfect life (Percy and Elliot,2012). That means transforming a normal product into a desirable product. So advertisement can change the identity of the product. In a nutshell advertisement can give di fferent meanings for a single product(Trampe,Stapel and Siero,2010). For example: High heel shoes was meant to be introduced as a neutral product, however consumers took it as a means to enhance self-image and beauty due to the advertisement(Trampe,Stapel and Siero, 010). Although there are critics which blames other social elements to be a part in such concerns, like movies and magazines portraying such an image, I strongly believe that the concern is true when it comes to majority of brands, especially cloths and accessories. Fashion and trend is often regulated by advertisement. b) Advertisement is deceiving: The second most concern about advertisement is that, it is misleading. Some advertisement tend to hold things which are not there in the actual product. Like the advertisement will value other aspects rather than valuing the actual product(Percy and example: Using images in dvertisement. Lot of cosmetic brands and fashion magazines are used to put up images of women to target the segmented customers. So that they can be fooled by the image which are not related to the actual product. Even then the consumers have a urge to try the product hoping that they turn out to be like the image shown in the advertisement (Perez ,2011). To an extend the concept seems to be a concern, I strongly stand against that because as a human being people should have the common sense and market knowledge to understand that these kind of images cannot mislead them in trying out a product. c) Advertisement disgrace our ntelligence: Thirdly, advertisement is said to insult the brilliance and intellect of a person. Once the concept hits, both the advertiser as well as the consumer can get confused. An advertiser may advertise a product but since different sector of people have different views and thinking capacity, it may be taken as a disgrace by some. This may be a drawback as they may miss a genuine product (Percy and Elliot, 2012). For example: Human models and cartoon characters used in cigarettes, beer and non-alcoholic beverages. Which in turn, a certain majority felt as an and Hunn,2000). By far i agree to this concern, as this appens more than not in many beverages advertisement. Seen people offended by the advertisement and dropping the product. d) Advertisement not adhering to ethical values:Finally,advertisement is valued as unethical. There are set codes and rules for advertisement, then also some advertisement brakes the line to go beyond the ethics as the legal side cannot bind the ethical values (Percy and Elliot,2012). For example: The sexual objectification of women in advertisement. This was a highly discussed concern as surveys show the impact was so deep. Young graduated, women fell in pray for such advertisement techniques (Zimmerman and Dahlberg, 008). believe that this concern is not up to the mark, as long as it does not affect or harm, does it really matter? Conlusion By far advertisement is one of the powerful communication tool in marketing and sales. As the means and reach of advertisement is wide and it covers entire segment of consumers, its relatively the easiest mode of promotion. So it can be said advertisement has a future. Since the future of advertisement is of wide scope, its important to take all the above concerns into count (Cappo,2003). The advantages of advertisement and the modern era of life style helps the marketers in targeting ifferent group of consumers differently. The technology growth is enhancing the concept of advertisement.

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Introduction â€Å"Jane Eyre† is a tragedy and romantic novel which was written by Charlotte Bronte. It was adapted into film by Robert Stevenson in 1944. â€Å"Jane Eyre† is partly an autobiographical novel which filled with romance and tragedy in the life of Jane Eyre. At the age of nine, Jane Eyre had lost her parents and was an orphan. She went to live with her aunt Mrs. Reed. (Bailey, 115)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Charlotte Bronte specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mrs. Reed was a sister to Jane’s father and her family was the only family Jane had so; she went to live with them. But the Reeds did not see Jane as a blood relation rather; she was treated as an outsider. While in the home of the Reeds, Jane was physically and emotionally abused by her aunt Mrs. Reed and her children. (Niemann, 214) This comparative essay will highlight the differences between Ste venson’s 1943 film of â€Å"Jane Eyre† and Charlotte Bronte’s novel. Apart from Stevenson’s film not maintaining a first narrator as the novel does, it is arguably the best adaptation of Charlotte Bronte’s novel. A central theme that Stevenson’s film emphasizes which is not a prominent theme in the original story by Charlotte Bronte is Jane’s perseverance all through the story. Bronte’s original story narrates Jane’s story as an orphan who finds joy at the end of the story but Stevenson’s film tells the story of Jane as a person who went through a lot of pain and discrimination but did not give up. The problems which Jane faced as an adult and a child will be discussed in this essay. Comparing the film â€Å"Jane Eyre† to Bronte’s original novel â€Å"Jane Eyre† is a novel which was originally written by Charlotte Bronte and it has been adapted into film 3 times. It was adapted into film in 19 13, 1915 and 1921. Out of all the adaptations, Stevenson’s 1943 adaptation is considered the best because; his adaptation has a unique and slightly different pattern of the Jane Eyre story. (Rowland, 241) In the original novel of â€Å"Jane Eyre† written by Charlotte Bronte, Jane was portrayed as an evil child and she was treated badly for this reason. (Rowland, 281) Jane’s extended family perceived her as an evil child and this same notion of Jane been an evil child manifested again when her employer stumbled from his horse. After Jane’s employer stumbled from his horse, he accused Jane of been an evil person and the reason why he stumbled from his horse. (Niemann, 302)Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Stevenson’s adaptation of the â€Å"Jane Eyre† story, the problems of Jane Eyre are shown as norms of a class-oriented s ociety. People usually want to associate with other people who are of the same class to them. So, Jane was maltreated because her parents were dead, and she was seen as a poor girl. Life is usually tough and obstacles are always encountered in the process living. (Bailey, 400) There has never been life without problems. With the examples given above, there is a slight difference between Robert Stevenson’s adaptation and the original novel by Charlotte Bronte. Apart from the film not maintaining a first person narrator, it also, ends a little happier that the original story and this is noticed when the adaptation is constructively compared to the original novel. The ordeals of Jane as narrated by Robert Stevenson and Charlotte Bronte respectively Jane faced a number of problems in her life as a child and an adult respectively. (Bailey, 510) In the beginning of the story, Jane lost her parents to a deadly disease known as typhus and she became an orphan at the early age of nine . After losing both parents to the cold hands of death, she was compelled to live with her uncle’s family. Although Mrs. Reed perceived Jane as an evil child and she abused her physically and emotionally. (Rowland, 321) After leaving the home of the Reeds’ Jane goes into another world full of hatred in Lowood institution. While in Lowood institution, Mr. Brocklehust became Jane’s new tormentor. But, Jane soon finds happiness in Lowood Institution when she meets Helen. (Rowland, 212) Jane and Helen subsequently became friends but Jane’s happiness was cut short when she lost her only friend and confidant to the cold hands of death. (Niemann, 202) After leaving Lowood institution, Jane works as a governess for a very wicked and selfish employer, Mr. Edward Rochester. (Niemann, 412) Jane experiences a tough and difficult stay at thornfield but she and her employer Mr. Rochester eventually fell in love but they were forbidden to express it. (Bailey, 401) All t hese instances mentioned where the ordeals which Jane Eyre encountered during the course of the story. In spite of the fact that, Jane found happiness at the end of the story, it was a terrible and tough experience for Jane growing up. (Bailey, 615) There was no difference in her adult age and this made the story of â€Å"Jane Eyre† a tragedy. A central theme emphasized in Stevenson’s film that is not a prominent theme in Bronte’s novel Robert Stevenson produced the film â€Å"Jane Eyre† as a tragedy film but the central theme emphasized all through the film is the resilience and perseverance displayed by Jane. (Niemann, 815)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Charlotte Bronte specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the tender age of nine’ Jane had lost her parents to the cold hands of death due to typhus. This seemed to be the beginning of Jane’s turmoil . Been orphaned at that tender age, could have broken any child down but Jane persevered and overcame it. (Rowland, 116) After the death of her parents, Jane went to live with her aunt Mrs. Reed. But Mrs. Reed had her own reservations about Jane due to her daring spirit. (Niemann, 356) Mrs. Reed had expected Jane to be a withdrawn and timid child due to the fact that she had lost both parents at a tender age. But contrary to Mrs. Reed’s expectation, Jane was a daring child and not even the death of her parents affected her. (Bailey, 444) Mrs. Reed more or less discards Jane off to Lowood institution and she had already misinformed Mr. Henry Brocklehust that Jane was an evil child. (Niemann, 358) Mr. Brocklehust was in charge and ran the school. Due to Mrs. Reed’s accusation, Mr. Brocklehust harassed Jane in an environment which was already filled with impoverished and orphaned kids. (Rowland, 718) For other children, this could have been the breaking point because of t he pain and torture they had already encountered. But in Jane’s case, the pain and torture did not deter her. This type of resilience is what is needed in our today’s worlds to survive. (Rowland, 788) While in Lowood institution, Jane for the first time in her life found happiness through her friend and only confidant Helen. But that happiness was cut short when Helen eventually died. After leaving Lowood institution to work as a governess, Jane was still faced the challenge of been considered as an evil person. But even in the face of such torment, Jane still manages to make her hostile boss fall in love with her. (Bailey, 623) Conclusion Charlotte Bronte’s novel portrays Jane as a character who went through a lot of pain and societal discrimination but eventually found happiness at the end of the day by marrying the man of her choice. But in Robert Stevenson’s film, the character Jane is portrayed as a person who in the face of adversary and abuse, neve r gave up or broke down but rather persevered and conquered. (Rowland, 514) The central theme of the film â€Å"Jane Eyre† is resilience and perseverance. This is clearly expressed by Robert Stevenson as he highlights the problems of Jane and the things she lost while struggling to succeed. (Niemann, 611) During the course of the film, Jane endured the struggle between principle and passion.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, during that period, she endured and overpowered temptations of the flesh and spirit. While Bronte’s novel simply portrays Jane as someone who eventually finds happiness after societal and family abuse, Stevenson’s film portrays Jane as a character who had resilience and was never gave up even when it seemed like all hope was lost and this made Jane a conqueror and a hero who eventually finds her heart desire due to her inner strength. (Niemann, 800) Bailey, Hilary. Mrs. Rochester: A Sequel to Jane Eyre. New York: Sloane hall, 2010. Print. Niemann, James. A Novel Inspired by Jane Eyre: Jane Eyre told from the first person- perspective. New York: Blackwell, 2010. Print. Rowland, Wiley. Jane Eyre. The Graphic Novel: London: Amy, 2003. Print.

Marketing Communication Activities Research Paper

Marketing Communication Activities - Research Paper Example Marketing communication activities are primarily aimed at building awareness of the existence of a business, its products, its services and its position. Such activities are done through advertising, trade show presentations, web sites, press releases, brochures and other public relations activities. This report will discuss the marketing communications activities for pre and post-launch aimed at optimizing food and beverage income for investors who are establishing a hotel. The report will also highlight the tools and approaches required for measuring the effectiveness of these marketing communication activities. Introduction The property at 45 Avenue de la Gare in Lausanne has been bought by the investment team that wishes to establish a hotel at the site. This report is a consultancy support paper that provides professional advice to the investment team on the marketing communication activities that it can be involved in so as to effectively deal with competition and market condit ions within the Lausanne area. The new hotel that is being set up is aimed at providing affordable luxury which appeals to mobile warriors and is attractive to a local hip crowd. The hotel is intended to have comfortable beds, social spaces and a business pop-up space to be used for short term retail meetings and small seminars. The new hotel is finally meant to have a welcome area, dining space, functional work-out space with basic gym equipment and space as well as being technologically relevant. The marketing communications activities are intended to pass across messages that the hotel is accessible, affordable, ambient, kid-friendly and functional. This report will highlight the marketing communication activities that the hotel can be engaged in so as to send messages to the potential customers that the hotel that the hotel is accessible, affordable, ambient, kid-friendly and functional. Marketing communication planning It is imperative that all marketing activities should be gu ided by a marketing communications plan which is strategically thought out so as to guide all marketing and promotion activities (Clow and Baack, p. 9). Marketing communications activities are all the programs that are designed by the marketing team to sell products, services or ideas of a business. These activities need to be planned for so that they can succeed. Market communication planning is usually made up of four major steps which are: 1. Research Research involves the systematic and objective gathering of pertinent information that will be used in determine what will messages will be communicated and to whom they will be communicated (Clow and Baack, p. 10). Research is necessary before planning is done and it can be done through browsing libraries, web sites and asking opinions of authoritative and reputable people. Research on marketing communication activities is necessary because it helps to find out the basic attitudes of customers so that we can know construct effectiv e messages. Research is also useful because it measures the true opinions of the various groups that will need to be communicated to. The hotel investment team should conduct research on market communication activities so as to identify opinion leaders who have influence over the target market. The hotel investment team will be able to minimize on costs since it will only concentrate on key audiences and valid objectives during the market

Bowling for Columbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bowling for Columbine - Essay Example Michael Moore unveils that in modern world, many teenagers follow the example of adults and film heroes trying to obtain guns and use force against innocent citizens. For most of them, guns represent "adulthood", a stylish and trendy way of life. According to Jasis Ordonez-Jasis (2003) "Moore's film explores issues of violence and fear in U.S. society, particularly surrounding the Columbine tragedy of the morning of April 20, 1999, when 12 high school students and one teacher were killed, and dozens of others were wounded, by two fellow classmates" (Jasis and Ordonez-Jasis, 2003, p. 127). In this documentary, Moore uses specific techniques and methods to unveil the message of the film. Traditional definition of a documentary states that "the film is only the sum of the facts recorded on film, or, if you like, not merely the sum, but the product, a 'higher mathematics' of facts" (Michelson cited Bruzzi, 2000, 11). In "Bowling for Columbine", Moore goes beyond traditional documentary practices and norms using elements of fiction. Some critics accuse him in using "false" facts and "deception" which help Moore to influence perception of viewers (Hardy, 2002, Galupo, 2002). For instance, Hardy comments that "Moore leads the reader to draw inferences which he must have known were wrong. Indeed, even speeches shown on screen are heavily edited, so that sentences are assembled in the speaker's voice, but which were not sentences he uttered. Bowling uses deception as its primary tool of persuasion and effect" (Hardy, 2003). Taking into account "Bowling for Columbine", the mix ture of different styles and tools can be interpreted as a specific style of Moore which distinguishes him from other filmmakers. Critics suppose that "Bowling for Columbine" "analyzes with irony and poignancy the corporate, media, and government involvement in creating a climate of pervasive paranoia, exacerbating threats, while glorifying, justifying, or trivializing violence here and abroad" (Ordonez-Jasis, Jasis, 2003, p. 127). To prove this idea, Moore uses military and diplomatic actions conducted by the USA. Throughout the film, Moore uses dramatization and summarization as the main methods to create the message in "Bowling for Columbine". From the very beginning, the signs in the film suggest that maybe evil can prevail even in the presence of good. The severity of this notion carries much weight in the "real" world. The documentary and gritty feel of the film also gives realistic mood and that might signify the reality of everyday life. The trend towards more graphic violence in movies parallels the transition of the general viewing audience to a higher shock level. Viewers are shocked by facts and events depicted in the documentary. Critics criticize Moore for "using too much jokey music, and also for making himself the focus of the story once or twice too often. Mostly, though, he listens to people, in sorrow and outrage and raucous amusement; and what he hears, he communicates without a dull moment, except maybe one" (Klawans, 2002, p. 44). In "Bowling for Columbine", Moore selects the most impressive facts and events creating atmosphere of fear and terror. Some critics (Hardy, 2002, Galupo, 2002) accuse Moore in subjectivity, because he presents one side of the problem only. This method is not typical for documentary films (Bruzzi, 2000), but it helps Moore to depict the gap between expected,

Paper three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper three - Essay Example However, as a means of comforting themselves, mourners frequently purchase silk linings, pillows, mattresses and other ‘comfort’ items that the non-living corpse will never enjoy, appreciate or even notice. These are the last gifts the living can ever bestow upon their loved one and allows the survivors to feel they haven't simply disposed of the body without ceremony or proper human respect. Although there would seem to be comfort in the belief in the body as merely a shell for the spirit, this idea simply does not offer the sort of comfort it should. As Lynch relates in his book, one woman mourning the death of her teenage daughter following a battle with leukemia reacted violently to the suggestion that the body before her was simple a ‘shell’, claiming "that is my daughter until I tell you otherwise" (85). Mourners continue to feel that their loved one is present somehow and families spend thousands of dollars on burial rites which would be unwarranted i f the body was just the shell. The increased mystery and horror associated with the corpse through children’s stories and zombie media outlets continues to suggest some element of the individual remains. As a result, the corpse retains a sense of power all its own, earning legal protections and capable of conveying more truths about the individual than the ‘shell’ theory would acknowledge. Much of the expense families suffer as a part of the funeral process is spent trying to preserve the body for eternity. Funeral homes make tremendous profit by selling mourners on the promise that the body will be preserved forever with embalming or high quality sealed caskets. Aiken (2001) points out families in California regularly pay as much as $5000 for a funeral in spite of much lower priced options opening the field to widespread corruption. Journalist investigations have revealed funeral home practices intentionally designed to inflate expenses while clergy members have openly admitted accepting a ten percent commission from funeral homes for their recommendations paid at a later date (Winner, 1999). Despite the promises, the only way to prevent the body from dissolving is to cremate the remains, both the cheaper of the available options and the one which automatically eliminates any hope of preserving the body as it was when living. In so many ways, modern society has continued to distance itself from death in ways that take some of the significance out of the event and make instead a frightening mystery. â€Å"Before the turn of the century, Americans may have been more in touch with death and as a result less fearful of the corpse. Farm accidents and childbirth complications caused many deaths in a more agrarian and pre-medically advanced society. Traditionally, Americans used to keep the deceased in their homes until everyone had a chance to view a body† (Emerick 43). By personally preparing the body for display in the front room and ho lding visitation within the home itself, people were more comfortable working with and around a corpse. As a result of this closer association with the dead body, they were also more comfortable with the related concepts of death and dealing with what was left behind. Children, witnessing these events, grew up without the same sorts of aversions to the dead that children today

Country Comparison of Ageing and Disability Policies

Country Comparison of Ageing and Disability Policies Similarities: All policies address fairness and equality without discrimination, harassment and victimization. All of them cover education, employment and public service. Both China and NZ address a specific act or law aim at disability, they cover and clarify more aspects such as welfare, culture, rehabilitation and environment. Differences: The Equality Act 2010 of UK replaces the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 addresses discrimination against age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership and pregnancy, maternity. Services must provide fair and appropriate accommodations to comply with the law. Disability is one of the act, and the act focus on equality, mainly against the discrimination. The act specially mentions accessibility for disabled pupils and assistance dogs. The UK values the education condition of minor disabled persons, protects the right of using assistance dogs. The law in China does not use â€Å"long term† to define â€Å"Disabled persons†. We can find many â€Å"special† in the law, that shows the society still treat disability as a special group, the government and social organization show their sympathy to disability, offer assistance to them, state the equal rights. However, based on the institution, normal disabled persons are fostered by their legal fosterers whom usually are their parents, special assuranceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ treatment and pension will be provided to those disabled persons while on duty or for protecting the interests of the State and people. China has the National Day of Assisting Disabled Persons to show the value of disabled persons. The New Zealand Disability Strategy addresses that what individuals have are impairments, disability is a social problem that one group of people create barriers by designing living ways. The strategy does not only prevent discrimination and offering assistance, but also encourage and support the disabled persons and their families, promoting participation. Similarities: All of the policies address positive aging without discrimination, harassment and victimization. All of them cover participation, pension, housing and public transport. Both China and NZ address a specific act or law aim at aging, they cover and clarify more aspects such as health, rural and opportunities. Both of them address the elderly is very important for the society and they can make huge contribution. Differences: The Equality Act 2010 of UK addresses discrimination against age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership and pregnancy, maternity. Services must provide fair and appropriate accommodations to comply with the law. Age is one of the act, and the act focus on equality, mainly against the discrimination. The act specially mentions pension, it more focuses on funding while others quality of life in the community. The law in China defines the age group which is above the age of 60. The governments use the community publicity and education to establish the social values of respecting the elderly. The governments award who have scored outstanding achievements in respecting the elderly. The governments mainly rely the elderly’s family to provide for the elderly. China has done well on enriching the elderly’s cultural life by encouraging non-governmental organization organizes cultural, sports and recreational activities of a mass character. Free or discount of public transport is not a compulsive requirement in this law, it is in light of local condition to supply. The New Zealand Positive Ageing Strategy promote supporting older people to age in place and have a good quality of life in the community. Guide government agencies to provide services for older people. It involves a wide range of individuals, groups and organisations, and the strategy is keep on developing. The governments modify and improve the strategy frequently to suit new circumstance. The strategy covers the most wide field of all the three acts or laws. Similarities: All service delivery policies address fairness and equality without discrimination, removing or minimizing disadvantages, fostering good relations and promoting understanding. All service delivery policies involve central governments, local governments and educational bodies. Both UK and NZ address the advance of opportunity, their service delivery policies also involve private agencies, hospitals and health services. Differences: UK involves armed forces and police in the service delivery. China does not involve the private agencies in the service delivery because of the institution. China only plans to establish medical rehabilitation departments in hospitals to help disabled persons to rehabilitate. Chinese governments, departments and CDPF rarely supply practical help, their assistance stay at very low levels such as contacts, representing and consultation. Most key services should be paid by the disabled persons. NZ’ services provided by district health boards, GPs and other agencies. And the authority of decision-making is wide span. territorial authorities and non-departmental public bodies are involved to make service delivery policies, it helps to improve the service delivery polices. The New Zealand Disability Strategy will be full reviewed after five and ten years to develop. Similarities: All service delivery policies address fairness and equality without discrimination, removing or minimizing disadvantages, all of them include voluntary service and pension schemes. All service delivery policies involve central governments, local governments, educational bodies, public hospitals and private facilities. Both China and NZ emphasize to increase opportunities of the elderly for their community participation and growth. Both of them value the cultural and spiritual life of the elderly and mainly rely non-governmental organization to achieve. Both UK and NZ have complete public medical security, funds government and community agencies to provide services for older people. Differences: Based on the condition, China only provides basic public medical security. The main pressure of the elderly’s health security is put on their family. The governments encourage that non-governmental organization provides variety of activities, and NGOs did, but mainly concentrates in urban areas, the service delivery in rural parts is poor. Most of services only consider the elderly’s demand, ignore young generation’s feeling, it begins to cause conflicts between some older persons and some young persons. The quality of elderly healthcare is irregular in China, there is no uniform standard and lack of monitor. The law always address in light of local condition. The governmental organization in China protecting the elderly’s rights is neighbourhood committees in city, villagers committees in rural areas NZ’ government funds community agencies to provide services for older people, the service delivery policy has clear key actions and standards, has strict third-party supervision to ensure the service delivery quality. There are specialized organizations such as age concern and Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention Services to help older persons. The strategy is reviewed frequently and is developed as well. That’s why the elderly and young generation can participate activities at the same time and get along so well. Zhen Chen

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Essay -- infection,

Introduction of Paper Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a very serious infection that affects the health of the public. The purpose of this paper is to give the public/reader a better understanding of what MRSA really is. This paper will include the different disease characteristics that come with the infection. Also, it will explain the most recent disease statistics; identify a person’s risk of contracting the disease, methods used to control the spread of the disease, and explain implications for disaster. Disease Characteristics of MRSA The causative agent in MRSA would be Staphylococcus aureus. According to the NIH, â€Å"The bacteria have been classified into two categories based on where the infection is first acquired† (NIH, 2014). The two different types of MRSA are Hospital-Acquired and Community-Associated MRSA. Hospital-Acquired MRSA has been around for a long time, it usually affects people inside a healthcare facility. For example, people who have had surgery or have had medical devices surgically implanted in them have been known to acquire MRSA. It’s also typically seen in patients who are elderly, or with people with a weak immune system. Patients who have undergone kidney dialysis or using venous catheter or prosthetics have been known to acquire MRSA (NIH, 2014). Patients who acquire MRSA in the hospital have an increased mortality rate and decreased longevity (Rogers, 2013). Community-Associated MRSA has caused a huge concern for public health professionals because of who can get it. All CA-MRSA strains typically carry a novel type of methicillin resistance locus that appears to cause less of a fitness burden (Otto, 2013). Unlike hospitalized MRSA, which can usually be traced back to a speci... ...es/mrsa/pages/default.aspx Heymann, D. (2008). Control of communicable diseases manuel. (19 ed.). Balitmore, MD: American Public Health Association Maurer, F., & Smith, C. (2013). Community/public health nursing practice. (5 ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Inc Sharma, A., Rogers, C., Rimland, D., Stafford, C., Satola, S., Crispell, E., & Gaynes, R. (January 01, 2013). Post-discharge mortality in patients hospitalized with MRSA infection and/or colonization. Epidemiology and Infection, 141, 6, 1187-98. Mossong, J., Gelhausen, E., Decruyenaere, F., Devaux, A., Perrin, M., Even, J., & Heisbourg, E. (January 01, 2013). Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in residents of long-term care facilities in Luxembourg, 2010. Epidemiology and Infection, 141, 6, 1199-206.

Caase study

The two primary functions of Varian Magna Agricultural Cooperative Society (EVANS) are procurement of agricultural produce from the farmers & marketing it to the amandine, and procurement & supply of agricultural inputs to the farmers. The objective is to devise a strategy for EVANS for efficient use of funds with respect to procurement and sale. Criteria Benefit of the farmers should be the top priority while planning the strategy.Financial planning must be done carefully in view of the limited supply of funds. Variation of prices of payday as well as fertilizers during different seasons must be used to the advantage of EVANS. Since the society shares a good relationship with the bank, this must be leveraged to suit required credit facilities. Options We assume that EVANS maintains minimal liquid cash to handle administrative expenses and interest.Some of the relevant options are listed below: Option 1: Option 2: Option 3: Evaluation Option 1 Farmers get sufficient funds to plan lon g term Losing out on higher margins by selling payday at current price Cost benefit on early arches of fertilizers is marginal Initial cash balance Cash paid to farmers Revenue from payday sales +500000 Fertilizers purchase expense Overheads -35000 ODD Extension Option 2 Cost benefit by postponing payday sales is high Insurance for payday -10000 From reserves Option 3 Farmers get their part of their share on time Cost benefit on early purchase of fertilizers can also be leveraged Credit limit extension translates to higher interest Part payment to farmers -250000 -38000 -298000 Interest -15000 Decision The high cost of storage, labor and equipment and the low savings margin make the early purchase of fertilizers an unattractive option.On the other hand, there would be a significant loss with regard to opportunity cost since we are selling payday at the current price of INNER 5000 per ton. Moreover, a marginal extension of Overdraft limit is required to support operations. The higher margin on payday sales can be leveraged by holding the stock in storage for 6 months. The high overheads of storing fertilizers can be avoided. Since we have sufficient reserves, we can support daily operations with minimal funds. The objective of the Co-operative society is to benefit the farmers over the long run. If the members agree to give up part payment towards procuring fertilizers at the discounted price, they can get the coupled benefits of the higher margins on payday and reduced fertilizer costs. Therefore, we recommend option 3.Action Based on the calculations below, accounting for minimum and maximum possible price of payday in 6 months, we can bring about a substantial reduction in cost per bag of fertilizers. Min Max 630000 750000 Profit margin 130000 250000 (-) Interest Net profit from payday sales 210000 Fertilizer cost 475000 38000 Total Cost 513000 (-) Net profit from payday sales Revised Total Cost of Fertilizers 423000 303000 Revised cost per bag of Fertilizer s 222. 63 159. 47 Contingency Since our recommended option requires deferring part payment, the farmers do not receive the entire sale revenue right away. This option also requires the bank to allow an extended overdraft limit to EVANS. In the circumstance, that either or both parties are unwilling to accept this proposal, we recommend option 2 as a backup.

Market Revolution essays

Market Revolution essays The United States today which is a worlds largest economy and largest natural resources land. I am going to talk about the Market Revolution during 1815-1860. Where as during late 1815Â ¡s the US economy was still dependent on England, exported and imported manufactured goods, geared toward international trade, no domestic trade. And majority of farmers were subsistence/ Yeoman basically were independent farms. By 1860s the subsistence farmers transform into commercial farmers, transitioned into national economy, developed an industrial sector an second only to England, able to better export nations natural resources, and was the large domestic consumer market which generated far more wealth then it had been. Most of the Easter US was thick forests, no roads an undeveloped. During 1790 - 1815 there were two different political interests were the Republicanism (Jefferson) VS. Federalism (Hamilton). Hamilton and Jefferson each thought very differently about the direction of national economy. Jefferson Republicanism was the 3rd president during 1801-1809. Jefferson was most intellectually a gifted president and most eloquent with pen. Jefferson was a child of enlightenment, architects (he designed his own home), avid readers, involved with natural science, loved the French, and enjoyed living good European life. He was a man of Contradictions where slave owner opposed to slavery. He thought morally wrong and was dying institution. US economy was dependent of free trade outward oriented with exports and open foreign trade. Jefferson believed that for republic to work. Spokes person for individual right and believed that US had special role in history that leaded to an example. Government should protect of right a superior to all other types of government. Believed freedom is fragile and republic was likely to fail. Republic would spread since there was more appealing. Americans role to spread democracy by example, ...

Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death The WritePass Journal

Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death IntroductionDiet – Alternative to SurgerySurgeryRelated Introduction Obesity is an increasing global health problem, and one of the leading preventable causes of death. The definition of obesity taken from the NHS website is; Obesity is when a person is carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. A person is considered obese if they have a  body mass index  (BMI) of 30 or greater . The main problem here is that there is numerous health problems linked to obesity, therefore if Obesity is helped and reduced, it would be like solving the root to the numerous health problems it is linked to. In other words instead of tackling the health problems that are caused by obesity, you tackle obesity itself which would then in theory lead to a general decrease in obesity related health problems. This will not only be beneficial to the patients, but in this current economic climate will save the medical sector money that they would use on treating obesity related health problems. Obesity is a medical condition in which an excess amount of body fat has accumulated within the body to an extent that it may have a harmful affect on health. This can in turn lead to reduced life expectancy and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The main problem here is that obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental conditions however regardless of this it is increasing and needs to be tackled. The main cause of obesity is a combination of excess food energy intake and a lack of any physical activity however there are cases when the cause is due primarily to genetics, medical reasons or psychiatric illness. In contrast increasing rates of societal level obesity is thought to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet, increased reliance on vehicles and mechanized manufacturing. There are three main ways obesity is being tackled, and it is these three solutions that I am going to focus on in my study.; Diet, Surgery and Drugs. The main solution I will focus on will be surgery. Diet – Alternative to Surgery The classic approach to tackle obesity is a low-calorie diet; this still remains the core treatment of obesity. These diets have the best short-term benefits. There are three types of low-calorie diets that can be distinguished: Personalized and moderately restricted diet: This is dependant on a pre-therapeutic assessment. This diet takes into consideration the daily energy expenditure of each individual including their professional and family environment and their food habits. The desired level of caloric intake will equal to two thirds of the average energy expenditure; 1200 – 2000 calories per day. Low-calorie diet: Total caloric intake averages 800 – 1200 calories per day. This is a considerable reduction in the individuals daily intake and can not be maintained for a long period of time as the patient’s physical activity is hindered and the body is faced with nutritional deficiencies. This ambitious treatment is proposed during hospitalization. Very low-calorie diet: This is a less than 800 calorie per day diet also known as a protein diet. The medical follow up to this must be very accurate.   Cutting off the usual supply of calories the body gets causes the body to break down fat in order to supply itself with energy thus causing the patient to lose body weight. This dietary treatment is effective for short term benefits however requires a lot of dedication on the patient’s behalf. Surgery A  laparoscopic adjustable gastric band also known as a lap band is an inflatable device made of silicone that is placed at the top of the patients stomach through laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic surgery also known as Keyhole surgery is a modern technique of surgery in which operations that take place in the abdomen are carried out through small incisions, usually measuring from 0.5-1.5cm. This type of surgery uses images displayed on a monitor which can be magnified. Keyhole surgery is a very beneficial and efficient procedure as the patient feels less pain and discomfort and recovery time is considerably reduced. Gastric banding is the least invasive surgery of its kind however it carries the usual risks of any gastrointestinal surgical operation. The patient’s intestines are not re-routed as the stomach is not staples or removed therefore the patient is able to absorb nutrients from food in a normal procedure. Gastric bands are able to stay without causing harm in the patient’s body as they are made entirely of biocompatible materials. They way this procedure works is that the gastric band is placed on the top portion of the stomach using keyhole surgery. The placement of the band creates a small pouch at the top portion of the stomach. This pouch approximately holds about half a cup of food, in contrast to its normal six cups of food. The pouch fills up quickly; this is where the band comes into effect. The band causes food to pass slowly from the pouch into the lower part of the patient’s stomach. As the upper part of the stomach fills the brain is sent a message that the stomach is full therefore the patient’s hunger dies. This causes the patient to eat a reduced amount of food and stay full for a longer period of time thus decreasing overall caloric intake which can lead to a decrease in weight over time. As the patient starts losing weight the gastric band will need to be adjusted to ensure effectiveness and improve comfort. It is adjusted using a saline solution introduced through a small access port placed underneath the skin. To avoid damage to the port membrane and prevent leakage a specialized non-coring needle is used. This graph has been taken from www.bmj.com and gives an overall idea of the extent to which a gastric band can help weight loss. According to the study participants who had a gastric band lost 22% of their body weight in two years in contrast to the controls who in which only lost just 6%. This resulted in the ‘gastric band group’ to be healthier and happier. This is one proof of evidence that shows that this type of solution to tackle obesity is highly effective. I do not believe taking drugs alone such as AMPHETAMINES is effective as there are many side effects and there have been many cases where patients have become addicted and dependant on the drug itself therefore I do not look at this as a solution personally. Gastric Banding I believe is the most appropriate as it shows and has been proven to considerably decrease body weight and help obesity. And being a laparoscopic surgery rather than open it has its many advantages; Reduced chance of needing blood transfusion as haemorrhaging is reduced. Small incisions are used which reduce pain and discomfort to the patient. In addition recovery time is reduced along with less post-operative scarring Less pain due to small incisions also means that less pain medication is needed Procedure times are slightly longer however, hospital stay time is less often same day discharge. So patient can be back to everyday life more quickly and efficiently. Exposure of organs is reduced due to small incisions therefore chances of contamination and disease are reduced. However it does come with its disadvantages; Due to the small incisions the doctor has a limited range of motion at the surgical site. Dexterity is lost. Poor depth perception Tissue can be damaged due to tools being used rather than hands. However I believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages so keyhole surgery is a effective and efficient solution. However I believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages so keyhole surgery is a effective and efficient solution. There are many risks that come with this type of surgery as with any type of surgical operation. The biggest risk is from an instrument called a trocar. Injuries are caused to either blood vessels or small or large bowel. This risk is increased with patients that have a history of prior abdominal surgery. Benefits of gastric banding compared to other bariatric surgeries. There are many benefits of gastric banding compared to other bariatric surgeries. Mortality rates are considerably lower; 1 in 2000. Due to small incisions, keyhole surgery recovery times are very short along with a short hospital stay. These benefits can make the surgery greatly appeal to the patient as along with losing weight, the pain and overall time is small. Bibliography [1.5] Google images. [2.5] Wikipedia. AS Biology CGP Revision Guide. – overall knowledge [3.5] Dr Patrick Jordan . [1] http://obesity_epi.tripod.com/solving_the_problem_of_obesity.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚   [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity [3] globalissues.org/article/558/obesity [4] nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Introduction.aspx [5] nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan/healthy-weight-basics/obesity.htm [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_banding [7] bmj.com/content/332/7550/1146.full [8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocar

Role of Government in the Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Role of Government in the Economy - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the government has provided guidance to the progressive movement of the economic activities taking place with the intention of sustaining the continuous economic growth; as well as providing employment and ensuring the stability of the prices of good and services. This means that in the US, the government has an involvement in the acceleration of the economy’s growth rate through the adjustment of such distributions. Other factors include the spending of funds and tax rates through the government management of money supply with the application of control to these monetary policies. Although having said this, it does not necessarily imply that the term would indicate the complete control on economic activities, rather, the term only suggests how the government plays an important role in the stabilisation of the economy.This essay highlights that  Neo-classical economics concentrates predominantly on the importance of individual and personal economic preferences, market equilibrium, and the balance between supply and demand.  These points are at the center of the neo-classical suppositions of the economy, which are the main trend to the perspective idea of capitalism. The most basic unit of the theory of neo-classical economics evolves into the concept of individual ownership, and initially its focus is on how individuals decide or manage their properties. This theory is primarily concerned with how an individual enjoys the profits in the context of the benefits that they receive from their properties, and thus changing the amount by which will be gained from their property which may also attribute to the social convenience or suffering (Veblen, 1969). Veblen (1969) also believed that an individual can be compared to a computer that mechanically benefits through its given data. The change of that data itself might result in them knowing to put themselves into a position where they will be able to meet various needs. This is the idea of capitalism, a social system that favors individual needs and rights. The neo-classical theory focuses onto the consumer, and how individual consumption will powerfully influence the behavior of the production, the needs of the consumer that has been granted by the market (Goodwin et al, 1997). The stability of the equilibrium in the economy is in the equal distribution of supply and demand. Every individual based on this theory has the right to be involved in the â€Å"free market†, wherein sellers and buyers have each others contribution in setting the price of a particular product (Barrons, 1995). Through this principle, it is not the government that will control the supply and demand of a p articular product as the free market is governed with the market forces (supply and demand), wherein prices are set toward equilibrium. This maintains the balance of the demands as opposed to the supply of the products. Although the government does not possess an absolute power over the economy, the government does have the role in the economic development which, according to neo-classical theory is essential to economic growth. The main responsibility of the government in the economic sector is to secure business cycles which do not mean harm to individual rights, constituting peace and order and protecting every citizen, both consumers and capitalists against frauds and the

Teaching Plan for Practical Skill and Techniques of Peripheral Essay

Teaching Plan for Practical Skill and Techniques of Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation - Essay Example This teaching plan shall provide an easy format to help teach medical staff like the nurses, midwives, physicians and surgeons on this procedure. The objectives of this teaching plan are to enable the student to know the devices and equipment used for this particular procedure. While learning, the students should know various parts of the body which are the best insertion sites. The students should also be able to completely do the procedure successfully and be aware of any associated complication and how to handle them. There are several learning theories that have been brought forward, the three main ones are behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. These theories merely try to explain how we learn. The behaviorist theory focuses mainly on the observable change .To modify people’s attitudes and responses, behaviorists believe that you either change the stimulus conditions in the environment or change what happens after a response happens. Behaviorists generally ignore t he internal factors of learning but on the contrary the cognitive learning theorists stress the importance of what goes on within the learner. Cognitive learning allows a student to think critically and gather information to acquire and develop his/her skills. It is therefore important in plan to teach certain skills that a conducive environment is provided to ease understanding of complex procedures. Lastly the constructivism focuses developing one’s learning from personal experiences. This simply applies a teacher must take into consideration the experience of the student thus provide sufficient room for practice either through simulations or with a real patients. Individuals may prefer a particular method of learning or different style and it’s the teacher’s judgment to decide which theory works for his student. The most common method used by many teachers is when students perform the cannulation under the supervision of a competent clinical procedure teachin g staff. There are several preferred learning styles by the students may opt one being the practical on an actual patient. In this case the practitioner or teacher must be present and ensure that the student has sound understanding of the procedure and anticipated outcomes. These may be both complications and expected anticipation. The other method could be the use of a simulated environment this can be used especially with students who have high anticipation to lower the pressure of dealing with an actual patient. For such students I would focus on building their psychomotor skills so that they build up confidence and it’s more practical to teach the students in parts. In such an environment the students can discover and learn different methods of performing the skills and also learn to correct errors that they make without fear of harming patients. These students would have enough practice before they can actually perform their first clinical procedure in an actual environm ent. Another technique that also uses non patients is use of videos from audio visual libraries to give the students a view of â€Å"real† patient scenarios. Although it has its disadvantages it also helps especially by filling the gap when real patients are not available. Similarly models may be used in teaching procedures like the intravenous cannullae insertion. This is very useful especially for students who have never performed such

Management styles within the cultures of UK- and Iran-based Dissertation

Management styles within the cultures of UK- and Iran-based construction joint ventures - Dissertation Example Case Study) 27 Chapter 6 - Presentation and Discussion (Semi Structured Interview) 30 Chapter 7 – Recommendations 33 Chapter 8 – Conclusion Limitation and Future Research 34 8.1 Conclusion 34 References 36 Bibliography 41 Appendix – Semi Structured Interview Questions 44 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES Table/Figure Page No. Cultural Differences between Iran and UK 13 Culture Comparison of Iran and UK 13-14 Comparative chart from the case study 24 Similarity Chart from the case study 24 Abstract The management style adopted by a firm plays an indispensible role in the success of that firm. It is often considered as an amalgamation of motivation, attitudes towards responsibility and leadership. This study aimed to explore the relevance of 'culture' when defining and comparing management styles in the UK and in Iran. In addition, the study also aimed to develop insights about these cultures and styles that might inform construction managers preparing to work on one or both of these environments. In order to accomplish it, the study has made use of case study method and has chosen two companies, one from the UK construction industry and the other one from Iranian construction industry. The study also considered the importance of national culture while exploring the differences of management styles among the two companies. The study revealed that there are vast differences among the national cultures of UK and Iran. Furthermore, the study also made it evident that national cultures play crucial roles in shaping the management styles of a company. As a result of that the management styles of the companies belonging to Iranian and UK construction industry greatly differs. On the basis of these findings, some recommendations have been made to the potential construction managers for the purpose of preparing them to work with Iranian counterparts, and vice versa. The key recommendations were to develop culture awareness among the managers and promote open c ommunication. 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Research objectives are The primary research objective of this dissertation is to explore the relevance of 'culture' when defining and comparing management styles in the UK and in Iran. The aim is to gather information and to discover the clear Constructs and if possible their relationships. The secondary objective is to develop insights about these cultures and styles that might inform construction managers preparing to work on one or both of these environments All mutual behaviours are linked to other intensely held beliefs and morals and implanted in a certain context. This means the risks are high for mishandling cultural dissimilarities.

Holocaust Denial Essay Example for Free

Holocaust Denial Essay The holocaust is the term used to describe the period of persecution and extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany. During this period, an estimated six million Jews were murdered in a series of state-sponsored killings. This was a culmination of a Nazi policy which was â€Å"the final solution to the Jewish question† (Michman, 2003) Why did Nazis Hate Jews? The Nazis hatred for Jews had been in existence for a long time, but it is after the World War 1 that it intensified. Prior to that, there had been strong feelings of anti-Semitism in Europe, mainly from the Christians. This is because of the Jews reluctance to embrace Christianity and their stubborn adherence to Judaism. (Israel G. 1990) After the First World War in which German lost, Hitler sought to find a plausible explanation for their defeat. Since at the time most banks and financial institutions were run by Jews, the Nazis blamed then for not availing enough funds for the war. They were viewed as being tight-fisted, corrupt and vile people, who could do nothing but destroy. This aroused feelings of hatred for the population, and the Nazi regime went on churning propaganda that blamed all of Germany’s problems on the Jews. (William, 1995) From another angle, the Jews were generally viewed as being an inferior race to the Aryans. Hitler believed that Aryans were the master race and even made a table of sorts which classified the races according to superiority in genes, with Aryans at the top, and Jews, Gypsies and Blacks at the bottom . The Nazis therefore saw the need to eliminate them from Europe to avoid weakening the racial purity of the Aryans (William, 1995) Holocaust Denial Holocaust denial is a term used to refer to the movement which seeks to deny that the holocaust really happened, and if it did, whether it occurred in the manner and scale that historians claim it did. It is a movement especially active in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. However, the first people who sought to deny that the holocaust ever happened were the Nazis themselves. They attempted to destroy all evidence and even denied the proof that was presented at the Nuremberg trial. The organized version of the movement called Holocaust Revisionism was founded in 1979, by Willis Carto, founder Liberty Lobby, an anti-Semitic organization in America, when he incorporated the Institute of Historical Review. He is quoted as saying History is far too important to be left to history professors, pundits and politicians. History is power The leading activists for the IHR include Mark Weber, Bradley Smith and Fred Leuchter in the United States, Ernst Zundel in Canada, David Irving in England, Robert Faurisson in France, Carlo Mattogno in Italy and Ahmed Rami in France. However, among these, Bradley Smith, the self-styled director for the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust, CODOH, has been the most visible in the United States. He has placed series of ads in college newspapers since 1991 on behalf of CODOH. In one such ad, Bradley promises a $50,000 to anyone who can convince a radio station to air a ninety minute video to show that the holocaust was a hoax. The IHR also writes a journal called the Journal of Historical Review and holds annual conferences, which are used as vehicles for holocaust denial. http://www. adl. org/holocaust/introduction. asp The revisionists offer the following arguments to prove that the holocaust is a farce. First of all, they claim that there is no single document which has been identified, which expressly shows a master plan for the execution of Jews. This, according to them, is proof that the whole idea of Jewish annihilation is a creation by the Jews to gain sympathy from the world. ( http://www. remember. org/History. root. rev. html) Secondly, there were no gas chambers at Auschwitz and the other camps, so the allegations of people being gassed to death are mere lies. There are no documents about gas chambers of any kind anywhere so no mass murder of Jews in gas chambers took place. (http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/denial. html) Another reason why they deny the holocaust is because they purport that the scholars rely on the subjective testimonies of alleged â€Å"survivors†. These testimonies are highly biased and because there is no supporting documentation proving the genocide, these accounts can only be taken to be false. (Raul, 1985) The revisionists also claim that there was no net loss in the Jewish population in Europe between 1941 and 1945; therefore the claim that 6million Jews were killed cannot be true. According to them, there were not even enough Jews in Europe to account for the 6million victims. ( http://www. remember. org/History. root. rev. html) Furthermore, according to the revisionists, the Nuremberg trials were stage managed in favor of the Jews. They were a sham and were just held so that Jews could benefit from the sympathy they aroused. To further strengthen their arguments, the holocaust deniers have posed a series of questions that put in doubt the truth about the events that took place during the holocaust. To start with, they ask; it is said that the gas chambers were ventilated, and if so, wouldn’t the gas have killed the people outside as well. Since this didn’t happen, then surely, there was no such thing as Zyklon-B used to gas people to death. The next question is, if as many as 6million people were killed and cremated, then where did all the ash go to. It should be so much going by the numbers, and going by what is available now, the numbers must grossly be exaggerated. ( http://www. remember. org/History. root. rev. html) Moreover, Zyklon-B, which was allegedly used had to be dropped into the chambers by people, so, the people would have died from the gas themselves, wouldn’t they? In addition, how come the eyewitnesses to the gassings survived, why didn’t the Nazis eliminate them since they knew so much. That is not all; there was a swimming pool at Auschwitz, this means that the people there lived in luxury, so this could nit have been an extermination camp. Also, the death lists from there do not show that any person was gassed, and the number of people who died there was very small. Finally, since much of the area around Auschwitz has a high water table, then the said burning of the bodies in ditches could not be possible. (http://www. remember. org/History. root. rev. html) Some of the revisionists also pose counter-statements against the evidence given by the survivors. In regard to the deaths in Treblinka, the victims were said to have been killed using diesel fumes; so the revisionists say that fumes from a diesel engine are not enough to kill a person. This implies that the people could not have died as a result of inhaling the fumes. The doors of the gas chambers which used the engine exhausts would not withstand the pressure of the gas accumulating inside, which would lead to an explosion; how come that did not happen? ( http://www. remember. org/History. root. rev. html) In one of the most controversial denials, the revisionists assert that the Anne Frank diary was a fabrication written by someone else who wanted to further the Jews agenda. Did the Holocaust really happen? For every claim made by the revisionists, evidence has been produced to prove that the genocide actually happened. The Nazi regime itself had documents that clearly pointed out to their intention to massacre the Jews. Although they destroyed much of the documents, some remnants were later recovered. (Lucy, 1975)The evidence available includes written documents in terms of letters, memos, blueprints, orders, bills, speeches, articles, memoirs and confessions. There are accounts given by eyewitnesses, who include survivors, Jewish Sonderkommandoes, SS guards, commandants, local townspeople and some of the Nazis. (Michael et. Al, 1997) Indisputable evidence can also be gleaned from photographs taken by the military, press, civilians and survivors. Some of the camps where the mass murders took place still exist, some in almost original state. Inferential evidence is also available in form of population demographics which confirms the change in Jewish population. Therefore, it can be concluded that the evidence of the holocaust is so compelling that we cannot deny that it took place. (Michael et. al, 1997) REFERENCES http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/denial. html http://www. adl. org/holocaust/introduction. asp http://www. remember. org/History. root. rev. html Israel G. (1990), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Volume 2, New York Lucy D. (1975) The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945, New York Michman, D (2003). Holocaust Historiography: A Jewish Perspective: Conceptualizations, Terminology, Approaches, and Fundamental Issues. London Michael S. and Alex G, (1997) Denying History Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why do they Say it? † University of California Press Raul H. (1985) The Destruction of the European Jews (Student Edition), New York William L. P (1995) Novelist of Hate, ADL Research Report. Brugioni, D. A. , Robert G. P. (1979) The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex. (Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D. C. )

Health Essays Medical Errors Hospitals

Health Essays Medical Errors Hospitals Medical Errors Hospital Disclosure of Medical errors in every day clinical practice. Introduction Medical errors are very common in every day clinical practice. Even taking serious caution does not make the error free hospital any where in the world. According to British Medical Journal ( cited in Adams 2005), â€Å"about 850,000 medical errors occurs in National Health hospitals every year resulting in 40,000 deaths†¦. Adverse events occur in 10% of all hospital patients (p. 274). Today’s times 2004 ( cited in Adams 2005) claims a cost of 2 billion pounds per year due to medical errors. The data shows the magnitude and the significance of the problem. In fact medical errors are preventable in most of the cases. But the sad part of the story is these errors are not disclosed to the patients or the family. Disclosure of medical errors is a very big issue for the leadership and management of a hospital in terms of institutional ethics. This paper will discuss about medical errors, the issue of its disclosure , its outcomes, current trends regarding disclosure of errors , application of theories and implementation in our context. Medical Errors Albert , Cavanaugh, Mc Phee , Bernard , and Micco ( 1997) define medical error as â€Å"Commission or omission with potentially negative consequences for the patient that have been judged wrong by knowledgeable peers at the time it occurred , independent of whether there were any negative consequences† (p.770). In this regard understanding of the error and realization that it is an error is very important. The issue is if it is internalized that error has occurred, then should it be disclosed or not. Non disclosure of medical errors There is a very strong culture of a number of hospitals world wide and the hospital where I belong to that health care professionals hide and do not disclose medical errors to the patients or their families. Errors come on the picture if by any means the patient or their family comes to know about the error. Kaldijan ,Rosenthal, Reimer, and Hillis (2005) did literature review of 316 articles on medical errors and came up with four categories which include attitudinal barriers, helplessness from the institution, uncertainties about how to disclose and its outcomes, and fears and anxieties. In addition to it, risk of ruining person’s as well as the hospital’s reputation, legality issues, low self esteem in the profession, mistrust of the patient and the family, and hindrance in professional progress are also some of the very important barriers to disclosure. (Boyle, Connell, Platt, Albert 2006, Fischer et al 2006, Albert et al 1997). Besides organization’s culture, policy and the colleagues’ attitude also impacts error disclosure. Non disclosure of errors can have some beneficial effects for the patients as well as for the physician. Patients do not become emotionally upset on hearing the news of occurrence of unexpected event during the hospitalization. Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert (2006) have cited that American college of physicians has given the liberty of not disclosing the error if the disclosure can cause more harm than benefit as in the case of psychiatric or depressed patients. But the worse part of it is this concept of deception for the benefit of patient is misused in the name of the health care personnel own interests. Similarly risk benefit ratio of disclosure should be calculated or in ethical terms beneficence versus non maleficence should be judged. Furthermore health care personnel do not have to fear for legal issues and the reputation. However they suffer emotional distress if they do not disclose. Disclosure of Medical Errors Medical errors should be disclosed as an ethical and moral responsibility of the health care personnel and the institution as whole. JCIA and JCAHO has made it a standard in 2001 that disclosure of errors should be implemented in hospitals. (Connell, White, Platt 2003, Henry 2005, Gallagher, Studdert, Levinson 2007). In addition The code of ethics of American Medical Association, The American College of Physicians and the National Safety Foundation have also emphasized on disclosure of errors.( Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert 2006 ). The standardization of disclosure by so many international organizations particularly JCIA and JCAHO gives the message that the culture and the approach towards the issue of disclosure is changing. These bodies are international standardized bodies and the change in the approach must be evidenced based. If disclosure was not that important it would not have been the part of these quality improving bodies. Literature supports disclosure of errors. According to Connell, White, Platt (2003) , response of participants who attended the workshop about disclosure of medical errors was 90% affirmative . In a study done by Hobgood, Peck, Gilbert, Chappell ( 2002) on patients and their familys’ perspective of error disclosure gave interesting results. 258 surveys were filled in an emergency department and it revealed that 76% of patients wanted disclosure in case of any error, and 88% felt to its full extent. This clearly indicates the significance of disclosure as an issue and patients need regarding the issue. Disclosure of medical errors has many benefits. Initially the reaction of patients may be negative as error could never be expected from patients’ side. But later they get settled .Studies show positive outcomes from patient as well as the health care personnels’ angle because of disclosure. Error disclosure helps patients to get any compensation in the form of additional treatment or financial help. Most of health care personnel believe that disclosure can ruin their relationship with patients and can bring law suit as well as their image down among their collegues. However according to Witman ( cited in Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert 2006 ) patients felt to claim law suit if they were not disclosed about errors. In addition University of Michigan Health System reported that â€Å" the cost and frequency of litigation decreased substantially in 5 years after implementation of an open disclosure programme , with annual litigation †¦reduced from $3 million to $1 million and †¦ claims by more than 50%† ( Gallagher, Studdert, Levinson 2007 p. 2716). Error disclosure also brings a positive impact on learning for the person who did the error as well as for others in the organization. Hence mistakes done once may not be repeated next time , system improvement and therefore improvement in the quality of patient care. ( Albert 1997, Mazor 2005, Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert 2006 ). Moreover patient physician relationships do remain intact in most of the cases. Trends in application of disclosing errors and comparison in our context Disclosure of medical errors is gaining its significance in so many health care organizations because of the outcomes of it as well as the realization of doing disclosure. Gallaher, Studdert, and Levinson ( 2007), have stated that 2002 survey of institutional risk mangers showed that 36% of the institutions have adopted disclosure policy and the percentage increased to 69% in 2005. They further quoted that Austarlia and United Kingdom in 2003, National Quality Forum safe practices and Harvard in 2006 emphasized and provided guidelines for full disclosure of medical errors to patients. The trend shows that awareness for disclosing medical errors is gaining its popularity. If we compare the scenario in Pakistan, we have a culture of not disclosing errors in most of the hospitals. In addition to the reasons discussed in the literature regarding non disclosure of medical errors, most of the times it is taken as for granted by the health care professionals that the patients belong to low socio economic status, less educated, low level of understanding and therefore errors need not be disclosed. It has been observed in clinical practices that errors are considered most of the time as side effects and untoward result because of certain treatment and there is no internalization that it is an error. In addition there is also a misconception that since the error did not bring any harm to patient so need not to be reported to the hospital management team and therefore no disclosure to the patient. It is interesting to know that most of the hospitals in Pakistan do not have any policy for disclosing error. However in Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) the polic y for disclosure of errors exists and it is mentioned in the sentinel events policy that there should be disclosure of medical errors and it is mentioned in the patients’ bill of rights that patients have right to have all information .( Multi disciplinary policies and procedures sentinel events policy no: MDP-S-002). But the sad part of the story is there is no proper implementation of the policy as well as proper explanation of patients’ rights to them. In fact there is no such culture for the individual to share errors to their supervisors as an ethical and moral responsibility until the error is identified by someone else. Reviewing the issue in the light of Theories To support that medical errors should be disclosed, we will be utilizing the following theories of ethics as well as leadership and management. Kant’s Theory of Deontology Immanuel Kant a German philosopher has given the theory of deontology or duty based theory. According to Kant (cited in Bernstein and Brown 2004), act should be done on the basis of the duty or obligation regardless of the consequences. He also believed that the intention behind the act justifies the action done. If we try to understand the disclosure of medical errors from Kant’s perspective, disclosure should be done as it is the duty of the health care personnel. It is the right of the patient and duty of the personnel to share all information including the errors if occurred. Kant believes in telling the truth which is the duty in all conditions and deception is un tolerable. The debate that if truth telling causes harm should be told to patients or not , goes against Kant’s philosophy. If health care professional feels that deception of the truth will give more benefit than there should be a very strong rationale for it and should not be taken as for convenience. K ant (cited in Bernstein and Brown 2004) has discussed about one’s conscience which play a major role in making right decisions according to his duty and states, â€Å"consciousness is an internal court †¦before which a human being’s accuse or excuse one another†¦an internal judge, and this authority watching over the law in him is something that he himself makes, but †¦incorporated in his being† (p.172). Heifetz’s perspective on Ethical leadership Heifetz ( cited in Northouse 2007) explains that leaders help followers to help resolve conflicts by using their authority. He further explains that â€Å"Heifetz’s perspective is related to values of workers, organizations and communities in which they work† (p. 347). In the light of this perspective, leaders need to have a clear idea of what is the value of the organization which in all circumstances is the best quality care given to its customers and taking care of their wishes and doing what is right. Leaders need to persuade people to do the right thing and therefore the culture of disclosure of medical errors should be inculcated by the leaders. Burn’s perspective on Ethical leadership Burns gave the theory of transformational leadership in 1978. According to Burns (cited in Northouse 2007), leaders have an important role in motivating people to identify their values and to help them reach to a level where the principles of â€Å"justice, liberty and equality† should be incorporated in practice. This clearly indicates the moral aspect of leadership which leads that disclosure of errors should be done as moral obligation of the organization. Significance of medical error disclosure from leadership and management perspective The issue of medical errors disclosure is very important from leadership and management point of view because this issue is not confined to a particular institution but it is a global issue. As discussed above that leaders have a very important role in pursuing and motivating people to follow morality in practice. Ethics has a very important place in leadership and organization. Leaders give direction to the followers or subordinates. They have a very strong impact on their followers. Therefore if leaders will have strong value on creating an environment and culture whereby every individual gets rights and do their duties, then this gives rise to an organization following ethical principles. This is only possible if and only if the leader values that act. In the issue of medical errors disclosure, leaders should play their role to first get the issue internalized and get it inculcated in the organization’s culture. Implementation of disclosure of errors in our context In order to address the issue in our Pakistani and in particular AKUH the most important aspect is first internalizing that the error occurred and not getting defensive. Internalization can be done by leading seminars, discussions, conferences and bioethical grand rounds where issues of error disclosure can be discussed and health care professionals can clarify their misconception about errors. They should have a very clear understanding of what are medical errors. Once the understanding of error is there, the next step is reporting of errors in the organization through the in built system of error reporting. Unfortunately AKUH Karachi does not have a very good system of error reporting. Errors are reported when someone identifies it but the person involved rarely reports the error. On conversation with clinical affairs person of AKUH , centralization of errors reporting is under process. At present if errors are reported it is not centralized to one place. Centralization will assist in getting the picture of medical errors occurring in the hospital as a whole. There should be reinforcement at the academia level of medical and nursing education about errors and its disclosure .Adams ( 2005) has given a very practical approach towards identifying our own errors. He has shared his example how he started writing all the errors which he identified during his practice and it was interesting to see that the identified errors were between one to six per week for 29 weeks . This data was for those errors which he identified himself and may not have captured all the errors done. This practice will help us identify and internalize that how many errors are made by health care professionals. Besides , voluntary electronic reporting of medical errors can also be implemented . The results of one study where 92,547 reports from 26 hospitals were evaluated showed that 47% of the registered nurses did voluntary reporting of errors compared to intern doctors which was 1.4%.( Milch, et al 2006). Jones, Cochrane, Hicks and Mueller ( 2004) asserts that success of voluntary error reporting depends upon the organizational culture where confidentiality is maintained and a â€Å"non punitive culture† exists which promotes error reporting. Once the error is reported, the question comes for the disclosure of error. Henry (2005) asserts that there should be clear policy for disclosure and this helps in creating an open organizational culture for disclosure as well as promotes patients autonomy. He further adds that managerial support should be there and as leaders they should be promoting disclosure in their organization. Organization’s culture needs to be formulated which best supports the disclosure policies. Giganti( cited in Henry 2005) claims that â€Å" one must approach culture change with systems thinking†¦.organization’s culture is built up over time and is based on the assumptions , beliefs and values that drive the organization† (p. 132). Hence the cultural change involves evaluation of systems to see why there is hesitancy and reluctance in disclosing errors to patients and their families. Persons should not be blamed instead system should be analyzed .Cultural change at the institut ional level will lead the policy makers to consider it at the health ministry level because there needs to be law to address this issue. Disclosure is not an easy task keeping into considerations the so called consequences afterwards. There needs to be special trainings in this aspect. Hobgood, Hevia and Hinchey ( 2004) suggest for disclosure in terms of promoting safe environment to the patients and that there should be open conversation during disclosure expecting any reaction from the patient. Therefore communication plays a very important role. Furthermore Connell, White and Platt ( 2003) have given the steps for error disclosure which includes â€Å" apologize and take responsibility†, â€Å"determine who will be involved†, and â€Å"be proactive in addressing the patient’s financial needs† (p.27). However the concept of becoming proactive in identifying our system gaps and root cause analysis of the problem will promote a safety culture and hence less medical errors and therefore less issues of disclosure. Conclusion Medical errors cause huge number of deaths which can be prevented. Medical errors do occur every day in our clinical practices but there is under reporting of the errors. And if reported there is culture of non disclosure of errors until it comes to patient’s knowledge by any means or the outcomes of that error are such that it cannot be kept hidden. The reasons identified through experiences and literature are fear of destroying relationships with patients, loss of patients trust on heath care personnel, legal issues , loosing the credibility in the profession, shame , guilt and not realizing to disclose considering it better from patients perspective. However recent trend suggests that institutions who developed and implemented disclosure policy had very positive results . Patients felt that they were apologized for that and were brought into confidence. This led to less law suits and decrease in the cost given for legal issues. Besides patients were able to participate in t he compensation or adjustment for the loss due to error. Hence the above mentioned literature and practical experiences suggest that medical errors should be disclosed. 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